Saturday, December 28, 2019

The Management of Organizational Culture - 3951 Words

THE MANAGEMENT OF ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE Lesley Willcoxson Bruce Millett ABSTRACT Culture is a term that is used regularly in workplace discussions. It is taken for granted that we understand what it means. The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss some of the significant issues relating to the management of an organisation’s culture. As organisational cultures are born within the context of broader cultural contexts such as national or ethic groupings, the paper will commence by defining ‘culture’ in the wider social context. This definition will subsequently form the basis for discussion of definitions of organisational culture and the paradigms and perspectives that underpin these. The paper will then discuss the issue of†¦show more content†¦Australian culture, for example, may thus arguably be described as more similar to that of the United States of America than to that of Malaysia. Cultures are based in history, developing over time as groups establish patterns of behaviour an d belief that seem effective in helping them to interpret and interact with the world in which they find themselves. Australian ‘mateship’ behaviour, for example, served early male white settlers in a harsh and sparsely populated world much better than the maintenance of the hierarchical class distinctions typical of the world from which they had come. From such new, adaptive patterns of behaviour arise new beliefs, such as a belief in egalitarianism. These new behaviours, values and beliefs, together with the associated rituals, myths and symbols that arise to support them, combine over time to establish and then to reinforce the core assumptions of the culture. In addition to providing implicit guidelines for behaviour and the channelling of emotion (Trice Beyer 1993), cultures serve to give people a sense of belonging through collective identity and thus break down the intrinsic isolation of the individual. It is also important to realise that culture can also defin e differences between groups. Culture identifies particular groups by their similarities as well as their differences. Although cultures are dynamic to the extent that changed circumstances can lead to the incorporation of new patterns ofShow MoreRelatedManagement and Organizational Culture in Samsung1548 Words   |  7 PagesCourse: NZDB 530 Organisation and Management Trimester 2 2010 Assessment 2: Essay on Organizational Culture SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS Submitted by: Chung Daewan(Steve) ID# 20904451 Submitted on: 5th July 2010 Submitted to: Jene Parilla TABLE OF CONTENTS â…  . Essay on Organizational Culture †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..................................................3 â… ¡. Metaphor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................................................................................6 â… ¢. Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..................................Read MoreManagement and Organizational Culture in Samsung1541 Words   |  7 PagesCourse: NZDB 530 Organisation and Management Trimester 2 2010 Assessment 2: Essay on Organizational Culture SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS Submitted by: Chung Daewan(Steve) ID# 20904451 Submitted on: 5th July 2010 Submitted to: Jene Parilla TABLE OF CONTENTS â…  . Essay on Organizational Culture †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..................................................3 â… ¡. Metaphor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................................................................................6 â… ¢. Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...................Read MoreOrganizational Structure, Culture, Management And The Leadership1536 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction The aim of the report is to observe and analyse how organisational structure, culture, management and the leadership are helping to function effectively and achieve the organisational goals. I will try to apply as many different theories as possible to support the report. 2. Background of Burberry Burberry is a British luxury fashion brand that was founded in 1896 by Thomas Burberry, after which the company was named and has lived ever since to date. It is easily recognised asRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Human Resource Management1048 Words   |  5 Pagescompanies which there is congruency between national culture and human resources practices. If the human resources management practices are not in line with the basic tenets shared by employees, it will lead to dissatisfaction, lack of commitment and discomfort among the employees (Early, 1994). Introduction Culture affects and governs all facets of life by influencing values, attitudes and behavior of a society, while organizational culture relates to the unique modes of carrying out their activitiesRead MoreOrganizational Culture Is Within The Control Of Management1730 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Interest in the area of corporate culture is said to have originated in the 1970s as a response to the success of Japanese management and the perceived failure of traditional organizational analysis (Hofstede, Neuijen, Ohayv Sanders, 1990; Ouchi, 1985; Martin Frost, 1999). Since then, research has flourished, with particular emphasis placed on the link between culture and corporate performance (Kilmann, Saxton Serpa, 1985). Observations of the most well-known, best run companiesRead MoreOrganizational Culture, Management Philosophy And Ethics999 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Organizational culture, management philosophy and ethics in business each have an impact on all areas of the organization; from operations, marketing, and, accounting. No matter the size, industry or level of profitability of an organization, business ethics are one of the most important aspects of long-term success. According to Webster’s dictionary, ethics can be defined as the â€Å"rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad† these rules influence every aspectRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Human Resource Management Essay2510 Words   |  11 Pagesdiscuss the concept of organizational culture, the internal and external factors and its relation to human resource management. The critique of how organizational culture can promote or hinder organizational processes and outcomes is discussed. The concept of organizational culture refers to the personality of an organization, and the personality is build up by group of people with differences. Each individuals of the organization plays an uniqueness roles. Organizational culture is defined as an assemblyRead MoreConsiderations for 21st Century Management and Organizational Cultures777 Words   |  3 PagesConsiderations for 21st Century Management Organizational Cultures The four management themes are intriguing and challenging to current and future managers. People, especially those in leadership positions should always be looking for way to improve. One such method as suggested by the readings includes looking to other countries for new strategies, particularly those countries that are stable and relatively progressive. Such examples would include Switzerland, Sweden, and Japan. No matter whatRead MoreNursing and The Organizational Culture of Human Resource Management1495 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational culture can play a very important role in any corporation’s success. As we learn more about how to make a company more successful through effective management of Human Resource, we are learning of the value of people, as a whole, and how they contribute to the success or failure of an organization. That’s even more so true with in healthcare organizations. Nurses play a pivotal role in the health care profession and make up the m ajority of healthcare workers in a hospital settingRead MoreThe Impact Of Organizational Culture On Project Management Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesOrganisational Culture on Project management Abstract Two companies do not always get the same success level of projects even if they used same project management process for similar projects. The reason which leads to this situation is related to the culture of the organisation. Organisational culture, a conceptual issue, which influence the success rate of project management during the life cycle of a project. This study finds out that organisational culture affect project management in four ways:

Friday, December 20, 2019

Diabetic Nephropathy The Major Complications Of Diabetes...

Diabetic Nephropathy Diabetic nephropathy is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus. Current statistics suggests that diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease in the United States as well as many other Western societies. It is also reported to be one of the most significant long-term complications in terms of morbidity and mortality for individual patients with diabetes. Diabetes is responsible for 30-40% of all end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases in the United States. This paper is meant to elaborate on the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis, and the management of this major complication of diabetes but first, we are going to give some background on diabetes mellitus itself. Diabetes†¦show more content†¦In the event of diabetes, the body either does not make enough insulin or can not use its own insulin as well as it should. This eventually causes sugars to build up in the blood. This hyperglycemia usually leads to acute as well as chronic complications in the body. The National Diabetes Statistics Report published in 2014, states that 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the U.S. population have diabetes amongst which about 21 million cases have been diagnosed and 8.1 million cases are still undiagnosed. Approximately 1.4 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes every year. Diabetes was found to be the 7th leading cause of death in the United States in 2010, with 69,071 death certificates listing it as the underlying cause of death, and a total of 234,051 death certificates listing diabetes as an underlying or contributing cause of death†. Diabetes also certainly poses a huge financial burden. In 2012, it accounted for $245 billion in total costs of diagnosed diabetes, $176 billion for direct medical costs, and $69 billion in reduced productivity (National Diabetes Statistics, 2014). Regardless of this astonishing statistical information, diabetes can be managed and treated by eating healthy, doing regular physical exercise, and through the use of medications which work to lower blood glucose levels. Patient education and self care healthy practices are very important aspects in diabetes management. It is also crucial to

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Unconscionable Conduct Consumer Protection -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Unconscionable Conduct Consumer Protection? Answer: Introducation Unconscionability is a term under the contract law which defines the doctrine of contract. The unconscionability terms are always applicable extremely unjust way. Under this term of contact, both the parties are belongs to the superior bargaining power which are related to the good conscience. When the parties of the agreement not agrees with the terms of unconscionability, then the contract become unenforceable. In most of the cases, the conduct in the unconscionable contract never allowed the benefits because the consideration was always found with lack of knowledge or inadequate of the enforcement (Beh 2015). It determines the unconscionability when the contract was related with bargaining power, mental capacity and age. It may also include superior knowledge, lack of choice and other accounting which can be formed due to the acts of fraud and deceit. Sometimes, due to the fact of misrepresentation it may deprive someone who belongs from valuable possession. Therefore, when one party of the contract takes advantages of another due to the unconscionable approaches, then the action will be treated as the civil action of deceit criminal or fraud (Browne and Biksacky 2013). The person who is the perpetrator has never holds the right where he or she can get benefit according to the consideration in the contract. It is applicable only when the terms are found enforceable in the contract. However, in the unconscionability, the defense can be provided to the offender when it deals with the fairness of the contract. Therefore, the court must look for the facts where the contract becomes unconscionable due to the presence of gross inequity of bargaining power (Beh 2015). In such consequences, the contract will become unreasonable favorable towards the stronger party according to the claim of unconscionable contract. When the contract was formed, the unconscionable contract must be included the bargaining power, age, and mental capacity of the parties. The misrepresentation of facts must be established while the identification of such contract. However, in this contract, the terms are cannot be changed after the formation. While the judgment, the jury members never participate in the process. The judge will provide the judgment and also identify the remedies according to the flexibility of the contract (Browne and Biksacky 2013). The Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd vs. Amadio is one of the famous cases of Australia, where the unconscionability has been introduced for the first time. In this case, an Old Italian couples son has guaranteed his parents for mortgage their property. When their son has failed in the business, the Commercial bank has claimed the property in exchange of the loan. However, the court has found in this case the contract was unconscionable. The bank manager had the knowledge about the Amadios that they are old and not have knowledge about English language. The bank also found to act fraud with them that there is no limit of liability as per the terms of guarantee. The court has been stated that the bank manager has knowledge about disabilities of the parties and formed the contract of mortgage. There are lack of advanced age, lack of fluency, lack of business acumen and the financial condition of the builders son. The facts of the unequal bargaining are mostly established in the unconscionable contract when the unreasonable facts are performed by one party to another party. In such fact, one party always aware about the concept that other party has lack of knowledge to understand the consequences of the terms of the contract. In the case of Suisse Atlantique Socit d Armement Maritime SA v NV Rotterdamsche Kolen Centrale, the court has been introduced the fact of Doctrine of Inequality of Bargaining Power. The case has been described the concept of bargaining power which mainly occurs when the party look through the agreement where he might understand some facts and some of the facts they missed. The freedom of contract defined the term of bargaining. Inequality of bargaining is another term where one party will bargain in the agreement for better alternative opportunities (Browne and Biksacky 2013). In this process, the parties who are using the alternative opportunities will have more power and other party will use the power as well at the formation of the contract. While in this contract, the bargaining power is unequal to the idea of Inequality of bargain power. In this bargaining power, the justification of the implication of power is one of the important parts which form the contract directly through law or non-enforcement of a contract by the courts. Schroeder Music Publishing Co Ltd v Macaulay is another case of unconscionable contract` in this case one of the music companies has comes under a contractual term which is related with the restraints of trade in a standard form of contract with a young songwriter. In related with this case, the court has been stated that the contract was made freely by the parties as per the equal terms or moulded under the pressure of negotiation. However, no evidence has been found where the contract was fitted with such description. Negotiation is the process where the bargaining process can be use according to the terms of the contract. The unequal bargain helps to demonstrate the unconscionability in the contract which are mostly relayed with the transactions of debts in the bank guarantees (Hedlund 2016). It is necessary to describe the facts of the contractual terms. If it has been found that the contract was formed by one party and it will unenforceable against the person. However, it is only applicable when the party is minor or the person with mental difficulties. It is used for preventing to take advantages by the aggrieved party from the innocent party due to the lack of ability. In the unonscionable contract, it has identified the terms where it defies the unfairness of the agreement. When the unfairness of the contract has been applied in the unequal bargaining power from side by side, it is necessary to understand the facts of the management. It also directly effects on the unfair terms which failed to represent the unequal bargaining power between the parties. However, it has been found that the contract has become unconscionable, the parties can avoid the contract and rework on the issues. In the unconscionable contract, it is necessary to establish the terms of illegal or frauds. The damages may not be awarded in the in such contracts for not able to establishment of the contract. In the Inequality of bargaining power, most of the case, the banks are identified as aggrieved party who get involved with such bargaining power. After the formation of the contract, the agreement was given pre-drafted by one of the strongest parties who will accept the terms. Another party will accept the terms without the opportunities or time which was changed by their own choice. In the bargaining position, one party will always accept the mentioned terms which are found useful them. In most of the cases, it will become useful for the parties who tried to execute or set the limits of the liabilities without taking care of the interest of the other side. Here, the weaker party is suffered the most at the negotiation terms (Hedlund 2016). However, banks are the found the strongest parties in the Inequality of the bargaining power. At the time of taking any property for mortgage process, the parties are provided with their exclude or limit his liabilities for not caring the interest of the other side of the interest. Now the other party when takes the advantages of the mortgage or lease property, the bank provides with loans and the authority of the banks keeps the knowledge about the parties who are entering into the contract. In the use of Standard condition and terms, it helps to established the facts where the consumers enter into the contract. Most of the business people entered into such contracts which consisted with the basis of one persons standard form of agreement or based on a standard form of document. In the process of the contractual terms, it includes the order form, price list or catalogue, confirmation of the order, put forward by one party and incorporated by reference the standard terms and conditions of the trade associations. While in the bargain power of the contract mostly presents in between two parties, the legislatures and court both have evolved in the certain rules for the protection of interest of the weaker party. However, in the absence of the specific legislation, it is the duty of the court to interfere with standard form of contracts which unequal used to provide the evidence of unequal bargaining power. The courts are found to provide reliefs in those cases where the weaker party has faced with the burdened with unfair, unjust, unconscionable, unconstitutional and oppressive obligations under a standard form of contract. It is not recognized as a form of procedural unconscionability but the most of the common forms found unconscionability employed by the courts. Court sometimes tried to identify bargaining power which is based on the evidence where the buyer is a small company or individual and seller is a large company. It can become the result of a specific monopoly. Under a contract, parties can protect them by own against enforcement of an unconscionable provision in a contract. However, it never works in; obtain damages which are subjected to the unconscionable contracts. According to the terms of the contract, the parties cannot seek advantages or resolution in relation with a unconscionable contract. Therefore, the doctrine of such contract allowed the court for deny the enforceability of the contract to develop on the terms of a contract for alleviate the unconscionable portions. Therefore, the doctrine of the contract helps the parties to form the contract fairly and freely. The opposite party in the unconscionable contract always suggests finding the contract with the term with unfair where court can change or modify the overall appropriate by courts, rework and reformation on the single terms of contract is the least disruptive method of correction (Hedlund 2016). The Financial and Consumer Rights Council (FCRC) is one of the professional associations in Victoria which works as financial counselor. It helps to provide enough support and other assistances with different agencies which assist the vulnerable Victorians experiencing financial difficulty. This organization is mainly works with the government, utilities, debt collection, banking jobs and other ways to develop the approaches of the financial difficulties for the vulnerable consumers. In most of the cases, the unfair terms always form it out and confirm that consumers who are in relation with the unfair practices have rights to enter in to the contract as per the protection by the Australian Consumer Law. The FCRC make it confirm about the benefits where it may banned from being included in the contract (Hedlund 2016). The Financial and Consumer Rights Council (FCRC) has been heighted on the different segments which are all related with the consumer protection along with the practices related to the financial concealing. They help the parties or the plaintiffs who want to start a legal proceedings against the another party or the defendants. In other way, the group also provides the information and knowledge to the consumers against those unfair contracts, which can be introduced by the parties without the use of the equal bargain (Beh 2015). In most of the cases, according to circumstances of the low-income earners, it has transferred into a hardship where the options may not able to confirm the results towards the detriment of both parties according to the dispute which are remaining unsettled. Therefore, the business law of Australia has different grounds where courts can relate to unconscionable conduct of dominant and weaker parties. it also protects the consumer rights against the seller of such productions. The advocacy process also define those several groups which are related the security of the rights of weaker party against the strong party. Reference Beh, H.G., 2015. Curing the Infirmities of the Unconscionability Doctrine.Browser Download This Paper. Brody, G. and Temple, K., 2016. Unfair but not illegal: Are Australia's consumer protection laws allowing predatory businesses to flourish?.Alternative Law Journal,41(3), p.169. Browne, M.N. and Biksacky, L., 2013. Unconscionability and the contingent assumptions of contract theory.Mich. St. L. Rev., p.211. Bryan, M., Degeling, S., Donald, S. and Vann, V., 2016.A Sourcebook on Equity and Trusts in Australia. Cambridge University Press. D'agostino, E., 2014.Contracts of adhesion between law and economics: Rethinking the unconscionability doctrine. Springer. Friedman, D., 2015. Arbitration Revisited: Preemption of California's Unconscionability Doctrine after Concepcion.Duke J. Const. L. Pub. Pol'y Sidebar,11, p.21. Hedlund, R., 2016.Conscience and Unconscionability in English Equity(Doctoral dissertation, University of York). Hudson, A., 2016. Conscience as the Organising Concept of Equity.Can. J. Comp. Contemp. L.,2, p.261. Hudson, A., 2016.Principles of Equity and Trusts. Routledge. Leeming, M., 2016. Equity and Statute: a commentary. Marrow, P.B. and Penn, C.E., 2014. Policing Unfair Arbitration Clauses. Murray Jr, J.E., 2014. The Judicial Vision of Contract: The Constructed Circle of Assent and Unconscionability.Duq. L. Rev.,52, p.263. Nehf, J.P., 2017. The Impact of Mandatory Arbitration on the Common Law Regulation of Standard Terms in Consumer Contracts. Rajapakse, P. and Gardner, J., 2014. The Unconscionable Conduct and Consumer Protection in Subprime Lending in Australia.Banking Finance Law Review,29(3), p.485. Schroeder Music Publishing Co Ltd v Macaulay [1974] 1 WLR 1308 Serpell, A., 2016. Financial products and services: Consumer rights and remedies.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (134), p.4. Sherborne, A.K.E., 2017. Restitution in the conflict of laws: characterization and choice-of-law in Australia.Journal of Private business-law,13(1), pp.1-34. Suisse Atlantique Socit d Armement Maritime SA v NV Rotterdamsche Kolen Centrale [1967] 1 AC 36 Swain, W., 2014. Unjust enrichment and the role of legal history in England and Australia. Webb, E., 2016. Statutory Unconscionability in Australia. Young, P., 2016. Unconscionability and promissory estoppel.AUSTRALIAN LAW JOURNAL,90(12), pp.878-888.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Behavioral Relationships Their Time Course -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Behavioral Relationships Their Time Course? Answer: Introduction There are two most important capabilities of the brain, memory and learning. Learning is the biological process of knowledge acquisition while the memory is the knowledge retention and reconstruction process that takes place over time (Kandel, Dudai, Mayford, 2014). As such, the brain determines who we are regarding what we learn and what we can remember or forget. There are some ways to investigate the exact part of the brain where accounting and perpetual processes take place. Various tests and tasks can be designed to determine the motor, sensory and cognitive capacities of the test subject. Results of the trials and assignments typically correlate with physiological functions, and the results ascribed to particular parts of the brain. This paper reviews brain lesion examinations underlying the making, storage, retrieval and loss of memories. Case Study Review The cadaver approach to the study of the brain is safer; but, the minds are inactive and therefore disadvantageous. However, living brains can be studied under strict regulations. Living brains of men can be damaged, for example, because of falls, stroke, tumours, gunshots or accidents. The brain damages are biologically referred to as lesions. In experiments, lesions may be intentionally induced through surgical procedures like during the removal of brain tumours, or reduction of epileptic effects in split-brain patients. Furthermore, psychologists may deliberately produce a lesion in an animal to understand cognitive behaviours. By doing so, the research psychologists hope to draw inferences concerning the possible functions of the human brain in relation to the effects observed in animals. Example One In example one, a small electrode is inserted into B, and then an electrical current is passed over the electrode to lesion B. This method is known as the invasive electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB). ESB is an effective way of demonstrating functional neural connections between brain regions. In case an ESB of one part evokes an electrical response in another part then axons must be involved. However, in the case study in example 1, the ESB conducted in region B does not evoke an electrical response in the other regions. The cases study explains the reason behind the failure of the rat to recognise the smell of cheese as possible damage to the axons connecting region B to other regions during the ESB. This review agrees with that ESB may affect more extensive areas than intended. The problem of invasive stimulation is that stimulations are delivered at varying intensities depending on the level of the spontaneous activity taking place in the brain and determining the particular structures affected by the stimulus. This paper, therefore, recommends the use of an alternative approach known as magnetic stimulation or non-invasive stimulation to determine whether other regions are affected by a process known as equipotentiality. Under magnetic stimulation, the procedure stimulates the neurons connecting the different regions A, B, and C. The procedure involves financialg magnetic fields instead of electrical current. A coil is placed against the scalp, at the surface, and generating a focused magnetic field. The field excites the underlying regions of the brain and induces electrical discharges from the tissue involved (Sliwinska, Vitello, Devlin, 2014). This way, the experiment can determine the functional activity of the brain without surgery that could have l esioned the fibres of passage and caused the rat to recognise the smell of cheese. Still, noninvasive stimulation is limited in the sense that only parts of the brain that are near the surface are usually stimulated. Example Two In the case study, example two, a cytotoxic chemical is injected into the brain using a small needle to destroy region B. The results indicate that the rat shows no fear responses when exposed to a predator showing leading to the conclusion that b is responsible for stimulating fear. However, the cytotoxin does not only lesion B but also region A. This extensive damage could have interfered with equipotentiality of the brain since A could have the potential to respond to fear when B is impaired. Consequently, a more precise experiment should be conducted to establish if B is actually responsible for the fear response. This review recommends using a smaller needle that is more precise and is capable of stimulating a single nerve cell with chemical agents. The smaller needle to be used is referred to as a microiontophoretic (Windhorst Johansson, 2012).In this alternative method, a cluster of micropipettes is utilised. One other pipette is used as a microelectrode to record electrical activities of the targeted region. The different pipettes are filled with particular solutions of the chemicals being tested. The solutions are either charged electrically or ionised. A small electrical current is then passed through the pipette containing the ionised solution allowing the molecules of the substance to be released from the pipette to the target region. According to Windhorst and Johansson (2012, p. 194), microiontophoresis is the most precise form of chemical stimulation of the brain that exists currently. Example Three In example three of the case study, a human brain is used. Region A of the brain is said to be responsible for working memory. To test the hypothesis, the Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) method is used to knock out region A to damage it and prevent it from functioning normally. The research finds that application of TMS affects the working memory and concludes that A is critical I normal functioning of the working memory. However, there is a possibility that the TMS could have affected the axons connecting A to B where synapses are made. Therefore, an alternative explanation for the phenomenon is necessary. According to Sliwinska et al. (2014), TMS is a brain imaging technique in which a living persons brain is exposed to magnetic impulses with the aim to temporarily and safely deactivate a small region of the brain. The performance of the participant to a given task is then assessed during the stimulation. If the ability of the participant to perform the assigned function is affected by the stimulation, then the research can conclude that the given brain region is vital for the particular task. Still, TMS is limited in the sense that concurrent somatosensory stimulation may be experienced, disrupting the performance. Moreover, there are some free parameters requiring optimisation for the experiment to be practical. Nonetheless, Sliwinska et al. (2014) recommend using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) machine to determine the specific region of the brain to be tested before applying the TMS. Failure to use the fMRI could have led the researcher to induce TMS to the other areas of the brain adjacent to the area under study. Integrating the two mechanisms improves the spatial-temporal precision of TMS disruption effect as an essential non-invasive tool of cognitive neuroscience. The first step of preparing a TMS assessment is to identify a stimulation procedure and selecting a method of localisation. Parameters used in stimulation range from frequency, intensity and time duration; but, they are regulated by international safety requirements. A TMS experiment will require a suitable localisation method to accurately position and orient the coil over the site of stimulation. Standard base coordinators are best suited for localisation, but individual customisation is necessary for each participant. Customization can be achieved through several options including targeted stimulation based on the participants anatomy, localisation through fMRI or TMS functional localisation. The procedure presented here has been approved for non-invasive brain stimulation of healthy human volunteers. To increase the effectiveness of the protocol, the experiment can be split into separate sessions each testing a different stimulation site on a different day; although, localisation and site testing must be done on the same meeting. This way accuracy is increased, and experimental variance is decreased. However, for safety reasons, the number of sessions per participant should not be limited to a manageable number that guarantees safety per session. Conclusion The biological process of learning and memory is an essential aspect of neuroscience. Simple experiments to control behaviour using molecular and cellular biological tools have shown that specific neurons and molecular pathways are influenced by learning. Synaptic changes introduced by patterns of electrical or chemical modulators can alter the process of information and control individual behaviours. Both memory and synapse have different phases that are temporary in natures and can be influenced to change actions. These induced influences can either be invasive or non-invasive; but, they have their limitation and should be practised safely. This paper has successfully uncovered the constraints and complexities of some of the protocols in neuroscience experiments. References Kandel, E. R., Dudai, Y., Mayford, management. R. (2014). The Molecular and Systems Biology of Memory. Cell, 157(1), 163186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.001 Sliwinska, M. W., Vitello, S., Devlin, J. T. (2014). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course. Journal of Visualized Experiments?: JoVE, (89). https://doi.org/10.3791/51735 Windhorst, U., Johansson, H. (2012). Modern Techniques in Neuroscience Research. Springer Science Business Media.